【儿童保健】0-6岁儿童孤独症核心知识十条
<section style="margin-bottom: 0px;outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"><section style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"></section></section><p></p><section style="margin-bottom: 0px;outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"><section style="margin-top: -15px;outline: 0px;transform: scale(1);visibility: visible;"><section style="margin: 10px auto;outline: 0px;text-align: center;width: 636.375px;visibility: visible;"><section style="outline: 0px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(235, 246, 255);border-radius: 10px;visibility: visible;"><section style="margin: 6px;padding: 1.5em 1em;outline: 0px;background: rgb(235, 246, 255);border-radius: 10px;visibility: visible;"><section style="margin-top: 2em;outline: 0px;text-align: justify;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1.5px;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(79, 180, 214);background: transparent;visibility: visible;"><section style="margin-top: -30px;outline: 0px;transform: scale(1);visibility: visible;"><section style="margin: 10px auto;outline: 0px;text-align: center;visibility: visible;"><section style="outline: 0px;display: inline-block;visibility: visible;"><section style="outline: 0px;display: flex;justify-content: center;flex-direction: column;align-items: center;visibility: visible;"><section style="outline: 0px;width: 35px;visibility: visible;"></section><section data-brushtype="text" style="margin-top: -10px;padding: 7px 1.5em;outline: 0px;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);background: rgb(21, 195, 229);border-radius: 20px 5px;text-align: left;visibility: visible;"><strong style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;">一、孤独症是发生于儿童早期的神经发育障碍性疾病。</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(73, 68, 41);visibility: visible;"><p style="margin-top: 15px;outline: 0px;line-height: 2em;text-indent: 2em;visibility: visible;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;visibility: visible;">孤独症谱系障碍（简称孤独症，也称自闭症）是一类发生于儿童早期的神经发育障碍性疾病，以社交沟通障碍、兴趣狭隘、行为重复刻板为主要特征，严重影响儿童的社会功能和生活质量。</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: -10px;margin-bottom: 0px;outline: 0px;transform: scale(1);"><p style="outline: 0px;vertical-align: inherit;"><br style="outline: 0px;"/></p></section><section style="margin-bottom: 0px;outline: 0px;"><p style="outline: 0px;vertical-align: inherit;"><br style="outline: 0px;"/></p></section><section style="margin-top: -15px;margin-bottom: 0px;outline: 0px;transform: scale(1);"><section style="outline: 0px;"><section style="margin-top: -15px;outline: 0px;transform: scale(1);"><section style="margin: 10px auto;outline: 0px;text-align: center;width: 636.375px;"><section style="outline: 0px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(235, 246, 255);border-radius: 10px;"><section style="margin: 6px;padding: 1.5em 1em;outline: 0px;background: rgb(235, 246, 255);border-radius: 10px;"><section style="margin-top: 2em;outline: 0px;text-align: justify;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1.5px;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(79, 180, 214);background: transparent;"><section style="margin-top: -30px;outline: 0px;transform: scale(1);"><section style="margin: 10px auto;outline: 0px;text-align: center;"><section style="outline: 0px;display: inline-block;"><section style="outline: 0px;display: flex;justify-content: center;flex-direction: column;align-items: center;"><section style="outline: 0px;width: 35px;"></section><section data-brushtype="text" style="margin-top: -10px;padding: 7px 1.5em;outline: 0px;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);background: rgb(21, 195, 229);border-radius: 20px 5px;text-align: left;"><strong style="outline: 0px;">二、孤独症病因及发病机制复杂。</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(73, 68, 41);"><p style="margin-top: 15px;outline: 0px;line-height: 2em;text-indent: 2em;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;">我国儿童孤独症患病率约为7‰，有增高趋势。孤独症病因及发病机制复杂，目前认为是遗传因素和环境因素相互作用的结果。</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p style="outline: 0px;vertical-align: inherit;"><br style="outline: 0px;"/></p><section style="outline: 0px;"><section style="margin-top: -15px;outline: 0px;transform: scale(1);"><section style="margin: 10px auto;outline: 0px;text-align: center;width: 636.375px;"><section style="outline: 0px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(235, 246, 255);border-radius: 10px;"><section style="margin: 6px;padding: 1.5em 1em;outline: 0px;background: rgb(235, 246, 255);border-radius: 10px;"><section style="margin-top: 2em;outline: 0px;text-align: justify;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1.5px;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(79, 180, 214);background: transparent;"><section style="margin-top: -30px;outline: 0px;transform: scale(1);"><section style="margin: 10px auto;outline: 0px;text-align: center;"><section style="outline: 0px;display: inline-block;"><section style="outline: 0px;display: flex;justify-content: center;flex-direction: column;align-items: center;"><section style="outline: 0px;width: 35px;"></section><section data-brushtype="text" style="margin-top: -10px;padding: 7px 1.5em;outline: 0px;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);background: rgb(21, 195, 229);border-radius: 20px 5px;text-align: left;"><strong style="outline: 0px;">三、“五不（少）”行为有助于早期识别孤独症。</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(73, 68, 41);"><p style="margin-top: 15px;outline: 0px;line-height: 2em;text-indent: 2em;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;">孤独症儿童早期典型行为表现为“五不（少）”行为，即不（少）看、不（少）应、不（少）指、不（少）语、不当。患儿不与他人对视或对视少；听力正常，但呼之不理或理会少；不用或少用手指指物；言语发育迟缓，不用或少用语言进行交流；不恰当地使用物品或玩弄玩具，言语倒退或异常。</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p style="outline: 0px;vertical-align: inherit;"><br style="outline: 0px;"/></p><section style="outline: 0px;"><section style="margin-top: -15px;outline: 0px;transform: scale(1);"><section style="margin: 10px auto;outline: 0px;text-align: center;width: 636.375px;"><section style="outline: 0px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(235, 246, 255);border-radius: 10px;"><section style="margin: 6px;padding: 1.5em 1em;outline: 0px;background: rgb(235, 246, 255);border-radius: 10px;"><section style="margin-top: 2em;outline: 0px;text-align: justify;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1.5px;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(79, 180, 214);background: transparent;"><section style="margin-top: -30px;outline: 0px;transform: scale(1);"><section style="margin: 10px auto;outline: 0px;text-align: center;"><section style="outline: 0px;display: inline-block;"><section style="outline: 0px;display: flex;justify-content: center;flex-direction: column;align-items: center;"><section style="outline: 0px;width: 35px;"></section><section data-brushtype="text" style="margin-top: -10px;padding: 7px 1.5em;outline: 0px;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);background: rgb(21, 195, 229);border-radius: 20px 5px;text-align: left;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><p style="outline: 0px;">四、早期发现、早期诊断、早期干预对改善孤独症症状和预后十分关键。</p></strong></section></section></section></section></section><section style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(73, 68, 41);"><p style="margin-top: 15px;outline: 0px;line-height: 2em;text-indent: 2em;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;">6岁前是孤独症非常重要的干预时机。对存在可疑孤独症表现的儿童，应尽早开始科学干预。年龄越小，大脑发育可塑性越强，干预效果越好。</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p style="outline: 0px;vertical-align: inherit;"><br style="outline: 0px;"/></p><section style="outline: 0px;"><section style="margin-top: -15px;outline: 0px;transform: scale(1);"><section style="margin: 10px auto;outline: 0px;text-align: center;width: 636.375px;"><section style="outline: 0px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(235, 246, 255);border-radius: 10px;"><section style="margin: 6px;padding: 1.5em 1em;outline: 0px;background: rgb(235, 246, 255);border-radius: 10px;"><section style="margin-top: 2em;outline: 0px;text-align: justify;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1.5px;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(79, 180, 214);background: transparent;"><section style="margin-top: -30px;outline: 0px;transform: scale(1);"><section style="margin: 10px auto;outline: 0px;text-align: center;"><section style="outline: 0px;display: inline-block;"><section style="outline: 0px;display: flex;justify-content: center;flex-direction: column;align-items: center;"><section style="outline: 0px;width: 35px;"></section><section data-brushtype="text" style="margin-top: -10px;padding: 7px 1.5em;outline: 0px;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);background: rgb(21, 195, 229);border-radius: 20px 5px;text-align: left;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><p style="outline: 0px;">五、0-6岁儿童应积极接受孤独症筛查。</p></strong></section></section></section></section></section><section style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(73, 68, 41);"><p style="margin-top: 15px;outline: 0px;line-height: 2em;text-indent: 2em;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;">在0-6岁儿童健康体检的同时，对所有儿童提供免费的孤独症初筛服务。对初筛异常儿童提供免费复筛服务。家长应积极主动带儿童接受孤独症筛查。</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p style="outline: 0px;vertical-align: inherit;"><br style="outline: 0px;"/></p><section style="outline: 0px;"><section style="margin-top: -15px;outline: 0px;transform: scale(1);"><section style="margin: 10px auto;outline: 0px;text-align: center;width: 636.375px;"><section style="outline: 0px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(235, 246, 255);border-radius: 10px;"><section style="margin: 6px;padding: 1.5em 1em;outline: 0px;background: rgb(235, 246, 255);border-radius: 10px;"><section style="margin-top: 2em;outline: 0px;text-align: justify;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1.5px;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(79, 180, 214);background: transparent;"><section style="margin-top: -30px;outline: 0px;transform: scale(1);"><section style="margin: 10px auto;outline: 0px;text-align: center;"><section style="outline: 0px;display: inline-block;"><section style="outline: 0px;display: flex;justify-content: center;flex-direction: column;align-items: center;"><section style="outline: 0px;width: 35px;"></section><section data-brushtype="text" style="margin-top: -10px;padding: 7px 1.5em;outline: 0px;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);background: rgb(21, 195, 229);border-radius: 20px 5px;text-align: left;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><p style="outline: 0px;">六、孤独症需在专业医疗机构进行评估诊断<span style="outline: 0px;caret-color: red;">。</span></p></strong></section></section></section></section></section><section style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(73, 68, 41);"><p style="margin-top: 15px;outline: 0px;line-height: 2em;text-indent: 2em;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;">孤独症诊断需通过病史询问、精神检查、体格检查与神经系统检查、孤独症量表评定及必要的辅助检查等综合评判。对于可疑孤独症儿童，家长应带儿童到具有孤独症诊断能力的专业医疗机构进行评估诊断。</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p style="outline: 0px;vertical-align: inherit;"><br style="outline: 0px;"/></p><section style="outline: 0px;"><section style="margin-top: -15px;outline: 0px;transform: scale(1);"><section style="margin: 10px auto;outline: 0px;text-align: center;width: 636.375px;"><section style="outline: 0px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(235, 246, 255);border-radius: 10px;"><section style="margin: 6px;padding: 1.5em 1em;outline: 0px;background: rgb(235, 246, 255);border-radius: 10px;"><section style="margin-top: 2em;outline: 0px;text-align: justify;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1.5px;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(79, 180, 214);background: transparent;"><section style="margin-top: -30px;outline: 0px;transform: scale(1);"><section style="margin: 10px auto;outline: 0px;text-align: center;"><section style="outline: 0px;display: inline-block;"><section style="outline: 0px;display: flex;justify-content: center;flex-direction: column;align-items: center;"><section style="outline: 0px;width: 35px;"></section><section data-brushtype="text" style="margin-top: -10px;padding: 7px 1.5em;outline: 0px;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);background: rgb(21, 195, 229);border-radius: 20px 5px;text-align: left;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><p style="outline: 0px;">七、孤独症儿童需进行全面诊断治疗。</p></strong></section></section></section></section></section><section style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(73, 68, 41);"><p style="margin-top: 15px;outline: 0px;line-height: 2em;text-indent: 2em;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;">孤独症儿童常合并其他疾病，如智力障碍、注意缺陷多动障碍、睡眠障碍等精神疾病，肠胃功能紊乱、癫痫等躯体疾病，需进行全面诊断治疗。</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p style="outline: 0px;vertical-align: inherit;"><br style="outline: 0px;"/></p><section style="outline: 0px;"><section style="margin-top: -15px;outline: 0px;transform: scale(1);"><section style="margin: 10px auto;outline: 0px;text-align: center;width: 636.375px;"><section style="outline: 0px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(235, 246, 255);border-radius: 10px;"><section style="margin: 6px;padding: 1.5em 1em;outline: 0px;background: rgb(235, 246, 255);border-radius: 10px;"><section style="margin-top: 2em;outline: 0px;text-align: justify;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1.5px;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(79, 180, 214);background: transparent;"><section style="margin-top: -30px;outline: 0px;transform: scale(1);"><section style="margin: 10px auto;outline: 0px;text-align: center;"><section style="outline: 0px;display: inline-block;"><section style="outline: 0px;display: flex;justify-content: center;flex-direction: column;align-items: center;"><section style="outline: 0px;width: 35px;"></section><section data-brushtype="text" style="margin-top: -10px;padding: 7px 1.5em;outline: 0px;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);background: rgb(21, 195, 229);border-radius: 20px 5px;text-align: left;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><p style="outline: 0px;">八、孤独症干预需采取综合措施。</p></strong></section></section></section></section></section><section style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(73, 68, 41);"><p style="margin-top: 15px;outline: 0px;line-height: 2em;text-indent: 2em;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;">目前尚缺乏针对孤独症核心症状的治疗药物，应根据儿童具体情况，采用康复训练、行为治疗、家庭支持和干预及必要的药物对症治疗等综合措施进行干预，提高儿童的社会适应能力和生活质量。康复训练应遵循早期、个体化、科学循证、长程高强度、基层为主和家庭参与的原则。</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p style="outline: 0px;vertical-align: inherit;"><br style="outline: 0px;"/></p><section style="outline: 0px;"><section style="margin-top: -15px;outline: 0px;transform: scale(1);"><section style="margin: 10px auto;outline: 0px;text-align: center;width: 636.375px;"><section style="outline: 0px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(235, 246, 255);border-radius: 10px;"><section style="margin: 6px;padding: 1.5em 1em;outline: 0px;background: rgb(235, 246, 255);border-radius: 10px;"><section style="margin-top: 2em;outline: 0px;text-align: justify;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1.5px;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(79, 180, 214);background: transparent;"><section style="margin-top: -30px;outline: 0px;transform: scale(1);"><section style="margin: 10px auto;outline: 0px;text-align: center;"><section style="outline: 0px;display: inline-block;"><section style="outline: 0px;display: flex;justify-content: center;flex-direction: column;align-items: center;"><section style="outline: 0px;width: 35px;"></section><section data-brushtype="text" style="margin-top: -10px;padding: 7px 1.5em;outline: 0px;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);background: rgb(21, 195, 229);border-radius: 20px 5px;text-align: left;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><p style="outline: 0px;">九、家庭是孤独症儿童的重要支撑。</p></strong></section></section></section></section></section><section style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(73, 68, 41);"><p style="margin-top: 15px;outline: 0px;line-height: 2em;text-indent: 2em;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;">家长应积极参与孤独症儿童的康复训练，定期接受专业人员的培训与指导，学习和掌握孤独症相关知识和基本干预技能。给予儿童充分的包容与关爱，通过陪伴互动与干预引导，更好地促进孤独症儿童康复。</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p style="outline: 0px;vertical-align: inherit;"><br style="outline: 0px;"/></p><section style="outline: 0px;"><section style="margin-top: -15px;outline: 0px;transform: scale(1);"><section style="margin: 10px auto;outline: 0px;text-align: center;width: 636.375px;"><section style="outline: 0px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(235, 246, 255);border-radius: 10px;"><section style="margin: 6px;padding: 1.5em 1em;outline: 0px;background: rgb(235, 246, 255);border-radius: 10px;"><section style="margin-top: 2em;outline: 0px;text-align: justify;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1.5px;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(79, 180, 214);background: transparent;"><section style="margin-top: -30px;outline: 0px;transform: scale(1);"><section style="margin: 10px auto;outline: 0px;text-align: center;"><section style="outline: 0px;display: inline-block;"><section style="outline: 0px;display: flex;justify-content: center;flex-direction: column;align-items: center;"><section style="outline: 0px;width: 35px;"></section><section data-brushtype="text" style="margin-top: -10px;padding: 7px 1.5em;outline: 0px;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);background: rgb(21, 195, 229);border-radius: 20px 5px;text-align: left;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><p style="outline: 0px;">十、全社会共同创造包容、无歧视的支持性环境。</p></strong></section></section></section></section></section><section style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(73, 68, 41);"><p style="margin-top: 15px;outline: 0px;line-height: 2em;text-indent: 2em;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;">大多数孤独症儿童需要全生命周期持续的支持和帮助，康复训练、融合教育、职业培训等有助于促进其逐渐融入社会。社会各界应积极行动起来，理解、接纳、关爱孤独症儿童，共同创造包容、无歧视的支持性社会环境。</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-bottom: 0px;outline: 0px;"><section data-autoskip="1" style="outline: 0px;text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(250, 255, 253);line-height: 1.85em;"><section style="outline: 0px;white-space: normal;font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;"><p style="outline: 0px;text-align: start;visibility: visible;"><br style="outline: 0px;"/></p></section><section style="outline: 0px;white-space: normal;font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 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